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Dennis Week One: Thursday May 1 Moments before I was to wheel away on my bicycle to University City and then to Pennsport for an evening out with my partner, the skies opened up with the rain that we were dreading throughout the kickoff event. I made a call to the ultra-efficient folks at PhillyCarShare who found me a car just a few blocks away. I rode my bike slowly so I only got a little bit wet. No more than 10 minutes passed and I was driving off with my bike in the back of a Toyota Matrix wagon to continue our evening plans. +1 point to PhillyCarShare! Cost for the evening: $35.59 and $1.00 for parking at a meter in U. City. (Note to self: get a Smart Card for the parking meters.) Friday, May 2 I took my bike on the El, and I found that getting out of the subway Saturday, May 3 Sunday, May 4 What a beautiful afternoon Sunday turned out to be! I had the same Cost of renting the convertible: $71. Having the gas tank fill-up
Week Two: I call it a week of logistics and learning because I had to get the bike in for service, pick out a pair of new Pumas, figure out how to get to Trevose (Bucks County) via transit, and arrange my visit to the great northern tier of Pennsylvania to visit dear ol' Mom for Mother's Day. First off, I need to give kudos to Trophy Bicycle for rehabilitating my bike from its slow, steady decline. I bought this mountain bike used for $500 about 12 years ago, and it has collected dust (but only a little bit of grime) for most of that time. There's a lifetime warranty on these old Trek frames (so I thought the bike was worth keeping rather than replacing), but the gears didn't shift properly, the chain rubbed, the seat was hard... The opportunity to cash in on a 1/2 price tune up got me thinking about how I could make my bike more conducive to commuting. Knobby tires? No good. Let's get something slicker on there. $15 each for something basic (and a spare tube, just in case). Racing saddle? Good for about 0.8 seconds; not good for serious riding time. Let's get something softer on there. $39 and my butt will thank me. Lights? No lights. Need at least an LED blinker. $14 is ok. Lock? Better protect my investment; $29 for a Kryptonite u-lock and cable is a fine deal. After $139, my bike runs way better than it used to. It glides along so effortlessly. So well, as a matter of fact, that I think I can RIDE TO WORK this Friday, May 16, for the Bicycle Coalition of Greater Philadelphia's Bike to Work Day! I'll give a full report next week. (I reserve the right to select a different day if the weather is anything like it was this morning; windy, drizzly, and c-c-c-cold!) Philadelphia Runner knows running. I was "fitted" for running shoes once before; it a land far, far away when I used to run for exercise. I have avoided buying running shoes at any place where the salespeople didn't know what underpronation was, and how to select a running shoe to compensate for it. Thus, my running shoes were old. So old that they're hardly good for painting a room. The folks at PR hooked me up with a comfy pair of Pumas that will become my daily "commuter footwear." I'll leave the dress shoes under my desk at work, and slip them on when I get to work, like Mr. Rogers used to do. Thanks, Philadelphia Runner! And thanks, Puma! So, how do you find out if SEPTA serves an area where you've never been? And, more specifically, how do you figure out what bus to take (there are over 100 SEPTA bus routes)? Go to www.septa.org and select the "Plan My Trip" link at the top of the page. I was pleased to find out that the location where I needed to go in Trevose was served both by Regional Rail and by bus transit. On a rainy Friday afternoon, the LAST thing I was to do is fight traffic on the jammed roadways. Walk to the train and hop on. Simple. What was SEPTA's old saying... "A Better Way to Go"? I agree. For my last journal item of the week, let me tell you about my Mother's Day adventure. I had been struggling for weeks with the choice of which car I should reserve for the trip. First it was a Mini Cooper, then it was the Smart Passion. After last week's drive in the country in the Miata, I couldn't resist using that car again for a 4-hour drive to rural Pennsylvania to visit my folks. Of course I had to make a good impression because the idea of car sharing is foreign to my parents. I wanted them to know that the radical idea of getting rid of my perfectly good car in exchange for car sharing was not a hair-brained idea. As much as it's safe, I figured that the Smart car was probably too radical a car to show up in. The Miata would be just right for driving home the point that car sharing is not just practical; it's also FUN! I took the car to the $2 car wash for a spruce-up to get rid of the pollen dust and I spent a few quarters in the vacuum machine (I'm generally really fastidious about car interiors). I arrived upstate late at night, when it was hard to see what "little thing" was parked out in the driveway. But the next morning, the 'oohs' and 'aahs' started to flow! My mom was really smitten with the little runabout, and she warmed to the idea of going for a ride at some point in the day. After I made brunch, mom agreed to a trip to the garden center for her Mother's Day gifts. My mom loves to garden. Often, I will buy a nice hanging basket of flowers for her for Mother's Day, but this time I thought it would be nice if she could pick out exactly the one she liked. So, we got the car ready for a sunny/cool day ride: roof down, windows up, heat on. I slid an Elvis Presley CD in the stereo, mom wrapped on a kerchief to retain her coiffure, and off we drove. Mom and I had a great time sizing up the entire inventory of hanging baskets at the garden center, until we found the perfect one. Even though the Miata has a small trunk, we had no problem fitting the basket, a Fuchsia, and a flat of Impatiens in the trunk. We both have a sweet tooth, so the lure of the ice cream stand at the garden center proved too strong to resist. Lo and behold, sundaes were free for moms on Mother's Day. I'm hearing a new jingle in my head... PhillyCarShare: Saving you ice cream money every day. I snapped a few photos throughout the day with Mom. I hope they can post one to show you how PhillyCarShare helped to make me mom's favorite son this Mother's Day! All of my siblings are jealous. In all, it turned out to be a pretty easy week being "carless." My own car sits idle, collecting dust and pollen. I think I'll have to give it a good wash before I can sell it.
Week Three: Part I--You can do better than Bernanke So, I'm taking an economics class at school this semester--how fitting. Our text book was co-written by Ben Bernanke (the current Chairman of the Federal Reserve) when he was a professor at Princeton. In the first chapter, "Thinking Like an Economist," Bernanke warns that one of the pitfalls of cost-benefit analysis is the failure to ignore sunk costs (or, in straight speak: you must ignore the sunk costs). Even without understanding all of the ins and outs of cost-benefit analysis, I bet most people would intuitively apply the principle correctly when considering whether or not to get rid of their car. I'd like to talk about this a little, and explore some of the costs of commuting alternatives. I did some calculations to compare the cost of commuting alternatives. My starting point is the Bella Vista neighborhood of Philadelphia, and my destination is Norristown, PA. Alternative A is driving my own car. I can leave the house at 7:10 a.m. to be at work by 8:00. At 42 miles round trip, with an average of 24 MPG, commuting 20 days a month, it would cost $144 in gas at $3.75 per gallon. For the moment, let's ignore "opportunity costs" and the "negative externalities" (more on that later). -->$144 per month<--
Alternative B is taking the SEPTA regional rail. I can either ride my bicycle from home to Market East (about an 8 minute ride) or hop on a bus a block and a half from home. I would take the bus north to Market Street (6:51 a.m. to 6:59), and the SEPTA R6 train to Norristown (7:07 to 7:41). A monthly "TrailPass" to Zone 3 (where Norristown is located on the SEPTA system) is $142.50. A TrailPass entitles you to full use of the SEPTA system, with the distance on the Regional Rail being limited by the zone of your pass. -->$1.50 cheaper than driving<-- -->$44.50 cheaper than driving<-- Notice that I have not mentioned the cost of insurance on my car. This is a classic example of a "sunk cost." As long as I own my car, I can't count that in my cost-benefit analysis of commuting alternatives because I have to pay insurance whether the car sits or whether I drive it to work every day. Just say that I got rid of my car. All of a sudden, the $44.50 that I would have saved each month by taking SEPTA to work becomes over $200!! Now, we're talking about some serious savings. As soon as I get rid of my car, then I can SAVE all of the other costs, such as the cost of maintenance, new tires, brake pads, timing belts (at least $500 per year); a parking permit ($36? per year); an occasional parking ticket ($35 per quarter); the interest on my car loan ($46 per month nowadays); depreciation on the car; lost income because I was paying for a car rather than socking it away for retirement... It's at least another $100 per month. "Externalities" are the side effects of our activities. One of the major negative externalities of driving to work rather than commuting is the increased pollution created when we drive. That SEPTA train is running its route whether or not I am on it, so there's negligible additional energy expended by the train if I plunk my butt down on the train. We all sense that even my late-model car would create more pollution than the additional pollution the train would create (or, the power plant that makes the electricity that powers the train). A positive externality of my choice to ride the train is that I am contributing to the revenue stream needed by SEPTA to re-invest in the transit system. Another great positive externality is being able to stick it to the oil industry by not buying their gas! Externalities can also be difficult to put a dollar figure on. This cost-benefit analysis can get pretty twisted when you try to account for all of the factors involved in the decision to keep or sell your car. You might start with a list of pros and cons, but I encourage you to "crunch the numbers" with your specific costs on the page. Don't end the argument without some number crunching. It's too easy to say "I can't get rid of my car because I don't want to lose my independence." Crunch the numbers and find out how much that "independence" really costs! You might find that your independence entails some strong financial ties. America needs a paradigm shift. For that, each individual needs to think courageously.
I promised that I would give a full update this week on an effort to commute to work on my bicycle. Well, Friday's weather was a mess, so I spent more time getting my bike ready for the commute than I spent riding! I mined for toys in the basement and found that I had collected a bunch of bike accessories over the years; some that I purchased and some that I received as gifts. I now have a super-duper LED headlight and a luggage rack from the basement bike bin, saddlebags given to me by a coworker, an LED tail light from a bike-nut friend from Pittsburgh (hi Celine!), a magnetic compass (in case I forget whether I should be riding upstream or downstream along the Schuylkill River to Norristown), and a trip computer to tell me how long the ride takes, how far it is, how fast I'm going, etc. (It'll be interesting to see how many miles in a week I ride my bicycle for short trips to the train, to school, to the store, etc. Now I'll know, and can report back next week.) Yesterday while riding leisurely around the city, my trip computer registered a maximum speed of 18.5 MPH. My guess is that I will be able to maintain an average of 15 MPH on the combination of streets and bike paths while commuting to work. That will take about an hour and 15 minutes; only 25 minutes more than driving, and only 12 minutes more than taking SEPTA. We'll see. I'll take my shower in the locker room at work, so I should leave the house around 6:15. www.weather.com
Part III--Truckin' Did you know that PhillyCarShare rents Toyota Tacomas? These are, by U.S. standards, "small" trucks. But let me tell you, they can haul. This week, I had to take one of my motorcycles to the shop for service, and the Tacoma handled it just fine! (I had all of the tie-down straps and the loading ramp needed for the job.) In the past I owned a small trailer on which I could tow a motorcycle behind my car for those times when a bike broke down. With PhillyCarShare, it's looking more and more like I don't need a car; and I certainly don't need a trailer to tow behind it!
Week Four: You win some, you lose some. Part I: How high is it from Philadelphia to Norristown? As you probably know from previous installations of my journal, I set bicycle commuting as one of my goals for this month. I was somewhat preoccupied with the logistics of commuting TO work, but I finally landed on the alternative of commuting home FROM work as the better choice for my first try. With an extra vacation day tacked on the front of the Memorial Day weekend, Thursday afternoon was my selected commute for the 20+/- mile bicycle ride home, when I had only the time constraints of a 4-day weekend ahead of me (rather than the need to be at the office, all showered and pressed, by 8:00 a.m. on a weekday) Thursday's weather was threatening with rain, but an idle threat it turned out to be. What the threatening weather provided, more than anything, was some spectacular scenery along the route! Mile 2.0: On the rail trail between Norristown and Conshohocken. Nothing but smooth riding ahead. The pavement provides a smooth rolling surface, and the railroad grade provides a seemingly ever-so-slight downhill slope. I wonder if the change in elevation from Norristown to Philadelphia, over the course of 20 miles, is actually perceptible to a bike rider along this trail? This is definitely a fun ride!
Mile 8.7: So far, the ride along the Schuylkill River Trail (operated by Montgomery County Parks, www.montcopa.org/parks) has been paved and restricted to recreational use, except for a few street crossings. I passed only a few other bicyclists along the way, and a few runners. Around the Montgomery County/Philadelphia line, following the path takes a little guesswork. You leave the paved rail trail and ride along a pitted public road for only a short while, passing what used to be the old Shawmont stop on the R6 line. Now the path is unpaved, and ironically (because you've just entered the 5th largest city in the nation) it becomes more naturalistic! Hardly more than a worn path through the woods, I can see how this section could become messy after a lot of rain. The only challenges I encounter are some cobblestones as I cross from paved to porous surfaces, and a few mud spots where puddles existed in the recent past. Along this stretch of river, kayakers enjoy the river too. We really have a great recreational venue in the form of the Schuylkill River. Closer to Manayunk and the 11.0 mile mark, the path becomes smoother with a covering of what appears to be fine shale. Now I'm riding along the Manayunk canal on wooden boardwalks beside centuries-old brick factory-cum-lofts, under stone bridges… am I still in the United States?! It feels old and settled, as I expect London and Venice and Amsterdam would feel. As far as commuting is concerned, this is a top notch experience, and I highly recommend trying it. (Check out the ominous sky in the photo.)
Mile 14.0: Martin Luther King (West River) Drive OK, I admit it, by this point in the trip, my legs are starting to feel the burn. I'm slowing down, but still enjoying the ride. Trophy Bikes' recent tune-up has certainly made this trip possible. If I was cranking a dry, squeaky chain driving inefficient knobby tires, I might not be so cheerful at this point. I had to stop and photograph this statue of the slaying of a dragon. I thought it was symbolic of how many of us can crush our addiction to oil, if so inclined. It's a matter of how much you want to try. Got gumption?
Mile 18.x(?) At this point, I have reached the southern end of the river trail. Schuylkill River Park is currently the southern terminus of the trail (hopefully in the years to come, we will build more such paths; I'm sure the folks at Schuylkill Banks http://www.schuylkillbanks.org/ and the Bicycle Coalition of Philadelphia http://www.bicyclecoalition.org/ will work on it with the vocal support of many Philadelphians like YOU!) For the last 2 miles of my trip, I'll be riding familiar streets through Rittenhouse Square, Fitler Square (my old neighborhood), Graduate Hospital and eventually into Bella Vista. All told, it was a 20.5 mile ride which took me 1 hour and 27 minutes; 3 minutes shy of my estimation. This is the "one" I felt I won this week. Now, for the other adventure… Part 2: You Lose Some This is potentially a long story. I'll try to make it short. AMTRAK. Love it or hate it, it's how you have to take the train from Philly to DC. My partner and I were planning a trip to Washington, D.C. for Memorial Day weekend, and we wanted to take our bicycles with us on Amtrak. PhillyCarShare arranged a 20% discount for us this month. I researched the train schedule and prices, and the round trip was going to cost: --> $211 <-- Cost to ride AMTRAK round trip, for two people Before booking the tickets, I inquired about taking our bicycles on the train. It turns out that bicycles must be stowed in the baggage car. This requires boxing up the bicycle and checking the bicycle with the Amtrak Baggage Department at least one hour before the trip begins. If you don't own a bike box, you can buy a cardboard one from Amtrak for $15 in addition to the $5 fee for shipping the bike. Unfortunately, not every train has a baggage car; it turns out that only two trains per day from Philly to DC have a baggage car, and only ONE TRAIN per day from DC to Philly has it. You don't have to ride the same train that your bike is shipped on, but you must claim your bike at the other end while the Baggage Department is open. The one train from DC to Philly that could bring our bikes back runs at 10 p.m., so we would have to return to 30th Street Station to claim our bikes the day after returning. In addition, boxing up your bike requires that you remove the front wheel and the pedals, so you need to bring tools with you for the job. If we had chosen to ship our bikes on Amtrak, it would have cost: --> $80 <-- shipping two bicycles on Amtrak --> $291 + many headaches <-- total cost on Amtrak for two people plus bicycles An alternative to shipping our bicycles would have been to rent bicycles in D.C. At $35 per bicycle per day, it would have cost us: --> $280 <-- to rent 2 bicycles for 4 days Bicycle sharing is coming to D.C. (http://smartbikedc.com), but we didn't see it anywhere in our travels this past weekend. A fold-up bicycle would have been permitted on Amtrak at no extra cost. FOOD FOR THOUGHT. What did we do? My partner has a 4-cylinder pickup truck, and we drove. Lo, I feel as though I've failed. We just wouldn't make the financial sacrifice to make doing the "right" thing work out this time. At an average of 25 miles per gallon, we used about 10 gallons of gas to get us and our bikes to the northeastern most point on the Metro train line. We parked for free all weekend at the Greenbelt, MD Metro station and we took our bicycles--for free, unboxed, unchecked, no assembly required--on the Metro with us. "Cost" to drive--> $40 in gas + $15-$20 in tolls and Metro fares + several negative externalities (see last week) (Footnote: DC was great. Their public transit system is superb relative to my reference point. We did not use a taxicab (or any other gasoline-powered vehicle for that matter) once in four days. We biked about 20 miles around town over the course of 4 days. Up and down the hills northwest of downtown. $89-per-night 4-star hotel rooms available online. Well worth the visit, and well worth a return visit.) Part 3: Loose ends In one week, my bicycle odometer is reading about 50 miles, but I'm not good at remembering to clip the trip computer onto the handlebar. I estimate approx. 55-60 miles for the week. The Pumas were glorious for biking and hours of walking the museums and memorials of D.C. My car has not even been started since April 30. Is there a 21-day parking limit on the streets of Philadelphia? I should check, and soon!
Week Five: On a roll! I don't really have anything new to report this week, but I have some retrospective thoughts to share. I just turned in a short paper on cost-benefit analysis for my Economics class. Fortunately, we were able to choose our own subject as long as we applied economic principles. As you might have predicted, I wrote my paper on commuting alternatives using some of the principles that I discussed in a previous journal entry. Using two commuting alternatives (driving to work vs. taking SEPTA), I went through a more thorough analysis that assigned dollar values for each of the pros and cons for each alternative. While the conclusions that I reached for my assignment were the same as I reported here previously, I found the exercise of listing pros and cons--and the assignment of dollar values to each one--to be particularly useful. I found out that some of my reasons for wanting to drive to work were really petty. Not just petty from an economic standpoint, but petty in the way that I interacted with the world around me. Perhaps that's just the point. Driving my car to work, I don't have to deal with the world around me all that much. While riding the train, on the other hand, I have to interact with people a little more and be engaged in the world around me. Yes, I dare say it even requires that I be a little more tolerant every day. In today's world of virtual everything, a little more human interaction might help keep me grounded and a little more in touch. The really impressive economic benefit of all of my analysis this month was that to earn the biggest payoff from the various commuting alternatives, you have to get rid of your personal car and stop dumping money into the insurance and finance companies' accounts. Keep that money for yourself! Use PhillyCarShare when you need to, but take that leap of faith! I did. My car is now for sale. Hopefully I'll be able to sell it to someone who lives OUTSIDE of Philadelphia, so we can enjoy one less car on our congested streets. There have been a ton of stories in the news recently about gas prices, commuting alternatives, and whether some people really have a choice to drive or not. If you didn't know this already, SEPTA has received a dedicated funding source from the state, and its finances should be more stable for years to come. If ever you thought you needed to keep a car because SEPTA's future was sketchy, forget that right now. SEPTA's here to stay. There is the promise of service enhancement along existing routes, and down the road we should see new routes established. But we all know that any new rail transit route would take several years to come into being. What can you do? One thing you might consider is to factor public transit into your next home buying decision and your next job offer. A cross-county commute in a car has now become a significant financial expense, and in the absence of cross-county train routes, many people will not choose to take buses that are snarled in the same congestion that suburban car commuters are in. Consider moving or taking a job closer to a rail or trolley line, or even consider moving closer to downtown. C'mon in, the water's fine! This country boy who grew up on a farm in northern Pennsylvania has made the adjustment; I bet you can too.
Afterthoughts: I was flabbergasted when Heather of the PCS staff asked me to speak on behalf of the residential participants. I felt like I was just elected class president or something! I called my mom and forwarded the email to all my friends... Just kidding. More than class president, though, I guess it’s more like being the spokesman for the debate team. I'm telling you; have you read these journal entries? If ever there was a debating team for the cause of city living, this is it. As I read through the final week journal entries, I was struck by how outrageous, and how sublime, some of the group’s experiences were. In honor of the opportunity to speak on behalf of the residential participants, I did what anyone would do. I made a spreadsheet. Mayor Nutter has proven that nerds are cool, so I have no shame in saying that I love spreadsheets. I'm embracing my inner nerd. My spreadsheet tells me that of 17 residential participants in the challenge, 5 of us have already, or are planning to, get rid of our cars. Another 5 participants said that the Walk Ride Share Challenge has helped them to adopt habits that have caused them to postpone INDEFINITELY the purchase of their next car. My spreadsheet tells me that the Walk Ride Share participants utilized at least 11 different transportation alternatives to driving their own car; from the fairly low-tech alternatives of walking and mooching rides from co-workers to the high-tech alternative that Lisa found: a $1 BoltBus to New York that includes free wifi service on board! Among a survey of participants, it seems that the least popular mobility alternative is high heels. If you're like Leah, when it's raining out and you've missed the bus, you'll take off your high heels and chase the SEPTA bus barefoot! Samantha found that waiting for the bus in the rain without an umbrella causes one to huddle beneath a Metro newspaper. Her and Suzanne's accounts of walking many blocks in high heels have inspired me to propose a new Walk Ride Share logo...
Returning to my spreadsheet, I did some quick calculations on Jay and Amy's road trip to Long Island. I used central Long Island as a reference point (because I didn't know their exact destination, and Long Island is a... Long island...) I estimated their trip at 150 miles each way. In their Jeep Commander, at 14.3 miles per gallon, they would have spent $54 more for gas than in the Toyota Prius, which they said averaged 50 MPG for the trip! But, thanks to PhillyCarShare, they didn't have to pay for the gas; it was included. A fairly common experience among us new PhillyCarShare members was the joy in renting a convertible for a nice spring afternoon. Except for Samantha. She felt guilty for reserving a Mini Cooper convertible to go "Downey oshun, hon" and she wound up taking a Prius to go "Down na Shoo-er" instead. Somehow Delmarva and Jersey beach destinations cause a curious interaction in decision making processes. But Myriah did organize a double-date using the Mini Cooper convertible. Rebecca also liked the convertibles, but she’d like to add scooters to the fleet! PhillyScooterShare, anyone? In the past month, we have redefined what's fashionable and cool. While commuting in heels was proven to be neither fashionable nor cool, sneakers-and-suits became the fashion statement of our days. Gail reminded us to take extra socks to work on rainy days, and Fredda experienced the "Smart car paparazzi" when picking her daughter up at school. All of a sudden, granny carts became our best friends. The Richardsons win the Clark and Ellen Griswold award for the experience most like a scene from National Lampoon’s Vacation. They managed to get their folded-up granny cart stuck in the lower level of their shopping cart at Target... in between episodes of the axles falling off!) Kathryn said she would never have bumped into the drag queen/camp diva Brini Maxwell had she been driving in her car as she crossed through Center City. The height of nerdy-cool fashion was when Leah showed up at a hip night spot and plunked her bicycle helmet down on the cocktail table. One of the most OUTSTANDING accounts was Brendon's. He got married this past weekend in a state park in Delaware County. He and his bride drove a PhillyCarShare car to the wedding, and two other carloads of guests arrived in PhillyCarShare cars. Some of the more sublime experiences are possibly the ones we'll remember the most. We all found out that public transit isn't what it appears to be. Maria reported that riding the bus provided the "me time" that she had been missing in her life. Samantha's purse now always contains a book for reading on the bus. Lisa reported a few head-bobbing naps on public transit, and Ariel and the Richardsons both reported that young children have an uncanny ability to flirt with senior citizens on the bus. I'd like to close with some of the quotes from the journals that were especially noteworthy: "It was almost like being on vacation in Philadelphia." --Fredda Ariel and Alex said that they felt like tourists at home and that they are finally embracing the city lifestyle. "It is really nice to not have to park or deal with traffic" --Maria "SEPTA is a million times easier than parking and makes me wonder why I would have done that to myself before" –Maria This promotion has made giving up my car one of the easiest and most enjoyable things I have ever done!" –Samantha "You're not stuck in a traffic jam; you ARE the jam!" --A German ad campaign; via the Griswolds (er, the Richardsons) “Driving a sports car with automatic transmission is like eating diet chocolate!” –Suzanne "I found that experiencing the city more directly and engaging with people on the street enhances the quality of our lives." –Jay and Amy As I mentioned in my journal, I think that we Americans need to shift our car-driving paradigm. We must courageously challenge the stat us quo, and individually adopt habits that have collective benefits. In a world of $4/gallon gasoline, “peak oil,” and global climate change, the opportunity costs are too great to do NOTHING. As participants in the Walk Ride Share challenge, we have learned that our car driving habits may not be so hard to break. If only we’ve got the gumption to try.
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